The e-mail addresses that you supply to use this service will not be used for any other purpose without your consent.Create a link to share a read only version of this article with your colleagues and friends. A number of indigenous Fijians died from beatings and torture at the hands of the police and military. Indigenous Fijians (or iTaukei) were compelled to live in rural villages. Political parties and elections were essentially divided on ethnic grounds.In 1985 the multi-ethnic Fiji Labour Party (FLP) was formed and, led by a Fijian, Dr Timoci Bavadra, won the April 1987 election in a coalition with the Indo-Fijian-based National Federation Party (NFP).
The population consists of two principal ethnic groups: the indigenous Melanesian population or those of mixed Melanesian-Polynesian origin (subsequently referred to as indigenous Fijians), who now constitute a majority of the population (475,739, 56.8 per cent), and the Indo-Fijian (commonly referred to as Indian) population (data: Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics, 2007). The third key element of the economy, textiles, has also experienced a rapid decline, again because of the movement to free trade. Most troubling, perhaps, is the fact that very few complaints, prosecutions and convictions relating to ethnically motivated crimes have gone through the courts or via the Fiji Human Rights Commission, despite reports of institutionalized or de facto ethnic discrimination in the country, including by law enforcement officials.Sign up to Minority rights Group International’s newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications.World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples Historically, the mainstream market economy – the large commercial plantations, sugar mills, port and mill towns, mining, tourism and other commerce – were the domain of Europeans and migrant workers and their descendants. A revised Constitution was agreed in 1997. This brings about, within individual races, groups of people, for example, within the European people, that we can distinguish large groups of peoples such as Slavs, Germans and Romans. The long-standing core of the economy, sugar, has declined because of global movements away from protection and towards free trade, and failure to invest in modernization and to extend leases.
It was Fiji’s fourth coup since independence in 1970. Although the FLP awarded sensitive ministerial posts to Fijians, there was powerful opposition and in May 1987 a military coup led by Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka overthrew the government. The text has also been denounced for its restrictions on free speech and the extensive powers granted to the state, including detention without charge or trial in times of emergency, as well as immunity for government officials for a wide range of human rights abuses.With regard to indigenous peoples’ rights, the new Constitution recognizes the customary title of the indigenous Filjians (or iTaukei), Rotuman and Banaban to their lands, and their rights to royalties to resources extracted from those lands. Largely as a result of this ongoing ethnic tension, the country has experienced four military coups and a military mutiny since 1987. This included a provision that schools to change their names if they carried an ethnic label previously, for instance ‘Fijian’ or ‘Indian’. In the immediate aftermath of the coup, protests against the military take-over were firmly suppressed.
It also decreed ‘Fijian’ as the common national name for all citizens.This process culminated in the drafting of a new Constitution in 2013 that aimed to end the ethnically-defined divisions that had defined the country’s politics in the previous decades, instead affirming a single Fijian identity and including a range of progressive provisions in areas such as language education and land rights. In 1874, the British governor created a Great Council of Chiefs, or Bose Levu Vakaturaga, to secure their active collaboration. Close to 83 per cent of the land was recognized as owned by indigenous Fijian land-owning groups.The second significant policy was the invitation to the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) of Australia to establish sugar cane plantations and mills in the colony. Yet progress towards this goal has been slow, and Bainimarama’s regime was strongly criticized for infringing basic rights such as free speech and peaceful assembly.Previous efforts to develop a more appropriate constitution for Fiji to resolve its longstanding ethnic divisions had culminated in a reformed Constitution, approved in 1997, that included complex attempts at power-sharing. However, in recent years, steps have been taken to resolve these issues and end decades of ethnic politics. Here are some open WikiProject Ethnic groups tasks: . First, the native policy required that ethnic Fijians reside in their nucleated villages and engage in agricultural livelihoods as small-holder or peasant farmers until the 1960s. Nevertheless, land has historically been a source of friction between indigenous Fijian land-owners and Indian and Indo-Fijian farmers, with considerable inter-ethnic disagreement over what constitutes fair rent for agricultural leases, as well as over the non-renewal of leases and evictions of tenant farmers and the return of state land to customary owners. There has been some migration from many other Pacific islands.There is a small group of Melanesian islanders, descendants of those who were brought to Fiji from the Solomon Islands and New Hebrides (Vanuatu) during the 1800s to work on plantations.There are other minority groups in Fiji – including the Chinese (whose numbers are again increasing) and other Pacific islanders, who are often temporary residents. Violence and beatings in police or military custody in Fiji remain an endemic problem, and according to Fiji Native and Tribal Congress’ Niko Nawaikula, indigenous Fijians have been disproportionately subjected to these abuses.The government has stated that the indigenous experience of marginalization elsewhere does not apply to Fiji as a result of the land right protections, with Frank Bainimarama recently claiming that 91 per cent of Fijian land is customarily owned by iTaukei.
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