This phylloclade consists of many fleshy flattened internodes similar to underground stem-tubers and the leaves at the nodal positions are metamorphosed into spines or small scaly leaves.Flowers are also borne on the nodes.
Runners break off and grow into an independent plant giving rise to vegetative propagation. This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes. Adventitious roots develop from the body of the corm.
(Fig.
Some tendrils are clearly seen to be modified stems, e.g., when they develop on the axils or the branch tips.In passion flower the axillary branches are modified into tendrils.
These weeds are, however, of some value as sand binders.This is a term which has been variously used. This structure stores up a good quantity of moisture enabling the plant to survive unfavourable seasons of drought, i.e., the winter. This modification is seen in xerophytic plants and stores water.
Scale leaves are present and daughter corms are formed from the axils of the scale leaves. It is usually formed by the fusion of a number of buds. Examples of underground stems include corms, such as taro (left); rhizomes, such as ginger (center); and tubers, such as potatoes (right). Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. The below mentioned article will highlight the three types of modification of stem.They are: (1) Underground Modifications for Perennation, Vegetative Propagation and Storage (2) Sub Aerial Modifications for Vegetative Propagation and Perennation and (3) Aerial Modifications.A number of herbaceous plants find it impossible to survive above ground during unfavourable seasons of the year, usually the winter.
The terminal bud grows into the aerial shoot during favourable season.
When potato is grown from eye buds, after the plant is rooted to the soil, the lower part of its stem is covered by earth. Potato is a modified stem and sweet potato is a modified adventitious root.
This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. They function as storage tissues for food and nutrients, propagation of new clones, and perennation (survival from one growing season to the next). Most of these come under metamorphosed stems as the modifications are so extreme that the stem nature of these structures is very difficult to make out, except for the origin and the position. The common types of rhizomes are fleshy due to the storage of food material.
Eg., Pistia.
These are modified into:It is a creeper that runs horizontally on the surface of the soil. Thus, one may say that the stems have been completely changed or metamorphosed.This is a very interesting modification met with in the xerophytic plants which have to greatly cut off all water loss. This type of bulb is not so very common but may be found in some garlics (Allium sativum) and more typically in the lilies (Lilium sp.)
Rhizome bears many adventitious roots.
Common instances are the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and pistia (Pistia stratiotes).The aerial stem is found to be modified for various purposes. Eg., Colocasia.In these kinds of plants, the stem is partly above the ground and partly below the ground.
The scale leaves may bear axillary buds which, in course of time produce daughter bulbs. © (Left) © Nancy Kennedy/Shutterstock.com; (center) © ilkka kukko/Fotolia; (right) © anweber/Fotolia
It may be of several internodes and have scale leaves on the nodes.
These branches swell up at their apices into tubers due to the accumulation of food substances (mostly starch) and the arrest of growth.Each tuber develops slowly. 56 & 57, F) The terminal bud produces the green aerial shoot in favourable season which dies after flowering, leaving a scar on the rhizome.
This type of abnormal development is known as fasciation.Axillary buds are sometimes arrested and transformed into these hard structures.
Examples of stem vegetables with edible modified underground stem called corm: Taro, gabi: Colocasia esculenta: Araceae: Arum family; some varieties are grown for their edible leaves and petioles and modified lateral stems (stolons) Yautia, tannia, bisol, karlang, palauan: Xanthosoma sagittifolium: Araceae: Arum family Adventitious roots are usually absent, e.g.
(Figs.
Such dwarf-shoots are also found in certain Angiosperms like Berberis .Welcome to BiologyDiscussion!
Some varieties of Muehlenbeckia may also show phylloclades of single internodes which are flattened structures and more leaf-like.The case of the small aquatic weed Lemna is rather problematic. This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes.
The apical bud develops the leaves of the year and gradually consumes the food material within the corm so that the latter shrivels up. Eg., Opuntia.
potato.
It is a fleshy modified stem which grows horizontally beneath the surface of the soil. It is interesting to note that the potato plant bears three types of stem,— first, green aerial stems; second, underground stem growing beneath surface of the soil which may be called a stolon; and third, the swollen tip—the tuber.
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