In a more restricted sense, the term toponymy refers to an inventory of toponyms, while the discipline researching such names is referred to as toponomastics. In traditional Spanish culture, and as is still the case in many Spanish-speaking countries, an individual does not have only a single surname. It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence, and in the 20th century, particularly during the 1930s and 1940, it became socially almost obligatory.
It can be argued that the first toponymists were the storytellers and poets who explained the origin of specific place names as part of their tales; sometimes place-names served as the basis for their Place names provide the most useful geographical reference system in the world. Some Czech dialects (Southwest-Bohemian) use the form "Novákojc" as informal for both genders. The usage of personal names in Poland is generally governed by civil law, church law, personal taste and family custom.. For instance, Spanish ex-premier Additional surnames refer to grandmothers, great-grandmothers, and so forth. In Greece, if a man called Papadopoulos has a daughter, she will likely be named Papadopoulou (if the couple have decided their offspring will take his surname), the genitive form, as if the daughter is "of" a man named Papadopoulos.
Although still not in practice by many Kurds, this can be more commonly found today. This is likely an occupational surname given to people who manufactured coats using sheepskin. 17. A toponymic surname is a surname derived from a place name. With the advent of republicanism in Brazil and Portugal, along with the institution of civil registries, all children now have surnames.
This custom is not seen in the Hispanic world as being a true compound surname system An additional complication is introduced by marriage. For example, Maliszewski is a toponymic surname associated with one of the places in Poland named Maliszew, Maliszewo, or Maliszów. In doing so they would, for example, mistakenly refer to Esteban Álvarez Cobos as Esteban A. Cobos. The higher class women of In some churches, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where the family structure is emphasized, as well as legal marriage, the wife is referred to as "A new trend in the United States for Hispanics is to hyphenate their father's and mother's last names. This is true especially in the Other surnames which started off as compounds of two or more surnames, but which merged into one single word, also exist. For example, in cases of This is the broadest class of surnames, encompassing many types of origin. Janů, Martinů, Fojtů, Kovářů etc., which are archaic form of possessive, related to plural name of the family.
When male form is Hrubý and female form is Hrubá, the plural family name is Hrubí (or "rodina Hrubých"). This still happens, in some communities where a surname is particularly common. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as: homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds or cottages. Circassian family names cannot be derived from women's names or from the name of female ancestors. It is considered impolite towards her family for a woman to change her name. Consistency and accuracy are essential in referring to a place to prevent confusion in everyday business and recreation. Under Spanish tradition she is still known by that name, even after marriage. The majority do not have family names. In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor In Ancient Greece, during some periods, formal identification commonly included place of origin.In the Roman Empire, the bestowal and use of clan and family names waxed and waned with changes in the various subcultures of the realm. Some rare types of surnames are universal and gender-neutral: in Czech language e.g. Toponymic surnames are not new to South India, In Tamil Nadu it is even said to be used during Raja Raja Chola I periods. In case of nominative and quasi-nominative surnames, the female variant is derived from the male variant by a possessive suffix (Novák/Nováková, Hromada/Hromadová). For a discussion of the origins of place names themselves, see "Toponymic" redirects here. In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower-status family married an only daughter from a higher-status family, he would often adopt the wife's family name.During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. Notable examples include the Netherlands (1795–1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). Male surnames ending -e or -a need not to be modified for women.
A person's last name indicates the first name of their father (Patronymic name conventions are similar in some other nations, including Malaysia (see Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from the inhabited location associated with the person given that name. In Czech and Slovak, the pure possessive would be Novákova, Hromadova, but the surname evoluted to a more adjectivized form Nováková, Hromadová, to suppress the historical possessivity. This surname is derived from the word ‘cojoc,’ which means ‘sheepskin’ in Romanian. In practice individuals mostly use only the two surnames of their parents. Dropping the paternal surname is not unusual when it is a very common one.
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