To identify any collinearity between candidate environmental variables, Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated for all variables: island area, island height (a proxy for island age), distance to mainland, habitat heterogeneity and structural connectivity. Funct Ecol 31:436–443Auffret AG, Cousins SAO (2018) Land uplift creates important meadow habitat and a potential original niche for grassland species. R package version 1.1-15Negoita L, Fridley JD, Lomolino MV, Mittelhauser G, Craine JM, Weiher E (2016) Isolation-driven functional assembly of plant communities on islands. A pCCA (the effect of island group partialled out) biplot for plant species composition on all 112 islands (dots) and significant explanatory variables (arrows); island area (area), habitat heterogeneity residualized (heterogeneity), and structural connectivity (conn), each number represent a buffer radius (100, 1000, and 4000 m)Differences in species composition across islands with different local and landscape characteristics are almost certainly driven to some extent by species’ functional traits.
Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! Candidate landscape variables consisted of island area, habitat heterogeneity, island height, distance to mainland, and structural connectivity (Table Two models were built to analyse plant species richness and plant species composition, both including the full data set of 112 islands. Animal species, especially those that do not fly, are less likely than plant species to do so. IEEE Trans Autom Control AC 19:716–723Arrhenius O (1921) Species and area. Ecol Evol 4:3514–3524Mossberg B, Stenberg L (2010) Den nya nordiska floran. Many thanks also to Dr A. Kimberley, two anonymous referees and the subject editor for many constructive comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript.Biogeography and Geomatics, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, SwedenElsa Aggemyr, Alistair G. Auffret, Love Jädergård & Sara A. O. CousinsDepartment of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, SwedenYou can also search for this author in Island area had the highest effect on species composition, both when no other variable was included (Lambda-1) and in the full model (Lambda-A). Oikos 75:111–117Patiño J, Whittaker RJ, Borges PAV, Fernández-Palacios JM, Ah-Peng C, Araújo MB, Ávila SP, Cardoso P, Cornuault J, de Boer EJ, de Nascimento L, Gil A, González-Castro A, Gruner DS, Heleno R, Hortal J, Illera JC, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Matthews TJ, Papadopoulou A, Pettorelli N, Price JP, Steinbauer MJ, Santos AMC, Triantis KA, Valente L, Vargas P, Weigelt P, Emerson BC (2017) A roadmap for island biology: 50 fundamental questions after 50 years of the theory of island biogeography.
J Appl Ecol 33:200–209Venables WN, Ripley BD (2002) Modern applied statistics with S. Fourth Edition, New YorkWallace AR (1880) Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. J Appl Ecol 54:1776–1784Tamme R, Götzenberger L, Zobel M, Bullock JM, Hooftman DAP, Kaasik A, Pärtel M (2014) Predicting species’ maximum dispersal distances from simple plant traits. It is a count of the number of different species in a given area or community. OUP Oxford, OxfordWhittaker RJ, Fernández-Palacios JM, Matthews TJ, Borregaard MK, Triantis KA (2017) Island biogeography: taking the long view of nature’s laboratories. Strong correlations were identified between island area and island height (Pearson product moment correlation coefficient = 0.85), and between island area and habitat heterogeneity (Pearson product moment correlation coefficient = 0.78). Species richness and composition differ in response to landscape and biogeography Academic Press, Waltham, pp 195–211Haddad NM, Gonzalez A, Brudvig LA, Burt MA, Levey DJ, Damschen EI (2017) Experimental evidence does not support the habitat amount hypothesis. Princeton University Press, PrincetonMoilanen A, Nieminen M (2002) Simple connectivity measures in spatial ecology. Oxford University Press, OxfordHelm A, Hanski I, Pärtel M (2005) Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation. Predicted annual species richness for the 102 NYC green spaces had a range from 5 to 233 species (Fig.
By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Although species richness can be an informative measure of diversity, plant communities are dynamic systems under constant change due to local extinction and immigration.
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